Gaspar Frutuoso (c.1522; Ponta Delgada — c.1591; Ribeira Grande) was a Portuguese priest, historian and humanist from the island of São Miguel, in the Azores. His major contribution to Portuguese history was his detailed descriptions of the history and geography of the Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands and references to Cape Verde, which he published in his six-part tome Saudades da Terra. He is normally cited in settlement history of the islands of the Azores.
Gaspar Frutuoso was born in 1522[1][2], on the island of São Miguel, son of Frutuoso Dias, a merchant and rural property owner, and his wife Isabel Fernandes. Little is also known of his childhood, apart from references to him working on his father's lands during this period.
The first trustworthy records about him certify his admission to the University of Salamanca (in 1548) where he obtained an Arts certification.[2] At the age of 31, he was ordained in 1554 during a visit to São Miguel[2]; his records from 1554-55 show him registered as presbitero bachiller. He continued his studies in Salamanca under the noted theologian Domingo de Soto, the royal confessor of King Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (and Charles I of Spain) and envoy to the Council of Trent, where he obtained a Theology baccalaureate.[2] During his time in Salamanca he became friends with Father Miguel Torres, a member of the Society of Jesus, which would serve him later as he promoted charitable activities in the Azores.
He briefly returned to the Azores, becoming parish priest in Santa Cruz, Lagoa (Azores), where records written by him exist for the years 1558 to 1560.
In 1560, he decided to return to Salamanca in order to complete a Doctorate in Theology, but began working with Bishop Julião de Alva in Bragança, where he remained until 1563. It is unclear when and from where he attained his Doctorate, but he began to use this title from 1565, and appeared on the registry of the University of Évora (an institution of the Society of Jesus) from 1569.[3]
By decree, May 20, 1565 he was nominated to be the vicar and orator at the parochial church of Nossa Senhora da Estrela, Ribeira Grande, a position he held for the next 26 years (until his death). During this time, he was dedicated to the parish and charitable works on and off-island, but still had time writing his 16 manuscripts that included Saudades da Terra, and Saudades do Ceu.[3]
Ever mindful of the politics of the time, during the period of the Philippine Dynasty, he was:
In 1566, during the French assault on Funchal, he collected funds and wheat for the people of Madeira.
He died on August 24, 1591 and was buried in the church of Ribeira Grande.
Saudades da Terra, literally Nostalgic-longing for the Land, is a six-volume tome that contains observations by the author of the history and geography of the Atlantic territories of the Kingdom of Portugal, well as the Canary Islands (lands at one time attributed to Portugal). It is a referential work for the understanding of the islands of Macronesia at the end of the 16th Century. The work is not limited to geography and history, but also covers daily life, customs and traditions, genealogy, the origins of place names, flora and fauna, and affirms Frutuoso's humanist nature typical of the Renaissance. The author is an encyclopedic, literary and artistic observer of the natural phenomenons, preoccupied with experimental alchemy and speculative on aspects of geology, biology, mineralogy and petrology.
His detailed descriptions are so detailed that they were published into separate volumes which cover:
The fifth volume is an elaborate poem, from the perspective of a fictional character, writing in a pastoral style, about the history of two friends that are separated and forced to live far from home. Some biographers have cited this as a deliberate autobiography of the Frutuoso and his University friend, the Micalense medic, Gaspar Gonçalves.
Gaspar Frutuoso apparently attempted to publish his work, going so far as to rework and edit his manuscript (the original has many edits in his hand). For reasons that are never clear, although the Spanish occupation of the island during the Iberian Union may have influenced his decision, he never published the work. The manuscript, along with documents from his library, were sent to the Jesuit College in Ponta Delgada and preserved until 1760 (when the Society of Jesus was expelled from Portugal). The manuscript fell into the hands of people who restricted access to the document, until it was donated to the General Committee of Ponta Delgada, and incorporated into the holdings of the Public Library and Archive (where it now resides). The work was finally published in 1873, with thirty notes by Álvaro Rodrigues de Azevedo, and a prologue by the Dicionário Universal de Português Ilustrado, written by Fernandes Costa. Many partial editions of Saudades da Terra have been re-published by the Instituto Cultural de Ponta Delgada since 1966.